中考指导:初中英语语法之介词

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  介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。下面来跟小编一起看看吧。4rN本库

  介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:4rN本库

  The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)4rN本库

  The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)4rN本库

  Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)4rN本库

  Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)4rN本库

  II表示时间的介词4rN本库

  表示“时间”的介词如下:4rN本库

  1.表示年、月、日、时刻等用at,in,on4rN本库

  2.表示时间的前后用 before, after4rN本库

  3.表示期限等用by,until,till4rN本库

  4.表示期间等用for,during,through4rN本库

  5.表示时间的起点等用 from, since4rN本库

  6.表示时间的经过等用in,within4rN本库

  (1) at,on,in4rN本库

  1)at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点4rN本库

  at noon正午时 at night在夜间 at present目前4rN本库

  at nine(o’clock)在九点钟4rN本库

  We usually have lunch at noon(at twelve)。4rN本库

  我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)。4rN本库

  (2)on:用于某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天时,一律用on)4rN本库

  注意 :4rN本库

  泛指一般的上午(下午)时用in,但特指某日的上午(下午)时用on。4rN本库

  in the morning在早上4rN本库

  on sun day morning在周日早上4rN本库

  on Monday在周一4rN本库

  on Tuesday morning在周二早上4rN本库

  on June 6在6月6日4rN本库

  on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日4rN本库

  on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚4rN本库

  on the night of July(the) first4rN本库

  在七月一日的夜晚4rN本库

  We didn't listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon4rN本库

  上周三下午我们没去听演讲。4rN本库

  (3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上午、下午、晚上。4rN本库

  注意:4rN本库

  在this,last,next,every等词前面不能再加介词。4rN本库

  this morning今天上午last Friday 上周五 next Sunday下周日4rN本库

  every Monday(week, spring…)4rN本库

  每周一(每星期,每个春季……)4rN本库

  in the week在这周 in May在五月 in spring在春季4rN本库

  in 1995在1995年 in September,1995在1995年9月4rN本库

  in the morning在上午 in the afternoon在下午4rN本库

  in the evening在晚上4rN本库

  People go skating in winter人们冬天去滑冰。4rN本库

  (2)before,after4rN本库

  1)before:在…之前4rN本库

  Wash your hands before dinner.(before作介词)4rN本库

  吃饭前请洗手。4rN本库

  He will call me before he leaves here.(before作连词)4rN本库

  他离开这儿之前,他将给我打电话。4rN本库

  2)after:在……之后4rN本库

  注意:4rN本库

  before和after这两个词都是既可作介词,又可作连词。4rN本库

  Let's Sing some songs after school.(after作介饲)4rN本库

  放学后咱们唱歌吧!4rN本库

  Pleas close the door after you leave the room.(after作连词)4rN本库

  离开房间后请关门。4rN本库

  (3) by,until(till)4rN本库

  1)by:在……前(时间);截至(到)……4rN本库

  注意:4rN本库

  由until(till)形成的句子,句中的动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句。4rN本库

  How many English books had you read by the end of last year?4rN本库

  到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?4rN本库

  2)until(till):直到……为止(时间)4rN本库

  比较4rN本库

  by和until by seven o'clock截至(到)7点钟(一般和完成时连用)4rN本库

  until seven o'clock直到7点(7点以前)4rN本库

  We didn't begin to watch TV until(till) nine o'clock.(begin是点动词,所以用否定式)4rN本库

  一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。4rN本库

  I'll wait for him until he comes here4rN本库

  我将在这儿一直等到他来。(wait是延续动词,用肯定式)4rN本库

  注意4rN本库

  until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词(见上例)而by不能作连词。4rN本库

  (4) for,during,through4rN本库

  1)for:达……之久(表示经过了多少时间)4rN本库

  常用的短语4rN本库

  for a year 一年 for a few days几天 for twenty weeks 二十周4rN本库

  during the lesson 上课期间4rN本库

  during the war (the night)战争期间,夜间 (一整夜)4rN本库

  可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。4rN本库

  He has lived here for 20 years.4rN本库

  他在这儿已经住了二十年了。4rN本库

  We will stay in the city for two days.4rN本库

  我们要在那里呆两天。4rN本库

  2)during: 在…期间4rN本库

  They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.4rN本库

  暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。4rN本库

  比较:4rN本库

  for和 during4rN本库

  for之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。4rN本库

  3 )through:一直……(从开始到结束)4rN本库

  They played the cards through the night.4rN本库

  他们打了一整夜的牌。4rN本库

  (5) from,since4rN本库

  1)from:从……起(时间)4rN本库

  表示从……开始时,一般都是用词组from…to…,而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。4rN本库

  The meeting will be held from eight to ten.4rN本库

  这个会议将从8点开到10点。4rN本库

  The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。4rN本库

  比较:4rN本库

  since和from since表示时间时,一般只用于完成时的句子;而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。4rN本库

  另外since还可以作连词(见下例);而from则不可以,它只能作介词。4rN本库

  2)since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)4rN本库

  I have been sick since yesterday.4rN本库

  我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)4rN本库

  The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词)4rN本库

  这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。4rN本库

  (6 )in,within4rN本库

  1)in:过……后(未来时间)4rN本库

  注意:4rN本库

  如果用于过去时,用after +时间。4rN本库

  She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.4rN本库

  去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。4rN本库

  大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。4rN本库

  in an hour 一小时之后4rN本库

  in a week or so 一个多星期之后4rN本库

  He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。4rN本库

  They said they would arrive here in a week.4rN本库

  他们说他们一周后到达。4rN本库

  2)within:不超过……的范围4rN本库

  比较:4rN本库

  within和in with in强调在……时间之内,没有时态的限制。4rN本库

  in是以现在为基准,in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般只用于将来时。4rN本库

  within 3 hours 3小时之内4rN本库

  I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.4rN本库

  我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。4rN本库

  They worked hard. They finished the work4rN本库

  within 2 days at last.4rN本库

  他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。4rN本库

  III 表示场所、方向的介词4rN本库

  1.表示场所的介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between.4rN本库

  2.表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through.4rN本库

  (1 )at,in4rN本库

  1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)4rN本库

  at school 上学 at home 在家4rN本库

  at 2 Baker Street 在贝克街2号4rN本库

  at a factory 在一家工厂4rN本库

  I'll meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。4rN本库

  2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)4rN本库

  in Beijing 在北京 in China 在中国4rN本库

  in the world 在世界上 in the street 在街上4rN本库

  (2) on,under,over,above,below4rN本库

  1)on:a.在……上面,有接触面4rN本库

  a. )on the desk 在桌子上面4rN本库

  There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。4rN本库

  b.)在……靠近……的地方4rN本库

  on the right 在右边4rN本库

  2)above:在……上方4rN本库

  Our plane flew above the clouds.4rN本库

  我们的飞机在云端上飞行。4rN本库

  3)over在……正上方,是under的反义词4rN本库

  There is a light over Li Ming.4rN本库

  李明的正上方有一盏灯。4rN本库

  A few birds were flying over the sea.4rN本库

  有几只鸟在海上飞。4rN本库

  注意:4rN本库

  over的其他意思4rN本库

  a.遍及 all over the world 全世界4rN本库

  b.超过(=more than)We have over(=more than)40 books.4rN本库

  我们有四十多本书。4rN本库

  c.越过,在那边4rN本库

  over there在那边 over the wall越过墙4rN本库

  比较4rN本库

  over与above的区别4rN本库

  over是“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不定在“正上方”。4rN本库

  4)under:在……下面;在……之内4rN本库

  under the table 桌子下面 under the jacket 在夹克内4rN本库

  The dog is under the table. 这只狗在桌子下面。4rN本库

  5)below:在……下方(不一定是正下方)4rN本库

  正下方是under,below是above的反义词。4rN本库

  There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.4rN本库

  水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。4rN本库

  (3)near,by4rN本库

  1)near:近的,不远的4rN本库

  near =not far是far的反义词。4rN本库

  near还可以指时间。in the near future在不久的将来。4rN本库

  Is there a bus stop near here?4rN本库

  这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?4rN本库

  2)by:在……旁边距离比near要近4rN本库

  注意:在……旁边,有时也用 beside。4rN本库

  by the window 在窗户旁边4rN本库

  by me 我旁边 The boy is standing by the window.4rN本库

  (4) between,among,around4rN本库

  1)between:在两者之间4rN本库

  My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.4rN本库

  我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。4rN本库

  What's the difference between A and B?4rN本库

  A和B之间有什么区别?4rN本库

  2)among:在三者或更多的之中4rN本库

  There is a beautiful house among the trees.4rN本库

  在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。4rN本库

  He is very popular among the students.4rN本库

  他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。4rN本库

  3)around:环绕,在……周围,在……四周4rN本库

  We sat around the table.4rN本库

  我们在桌子四周坐下来。4rN本库

  They walked around the street.4rN本库

  他们在街上到处走。4rN本库

  (5) in front of,behind4rN本库

  1)in front of:在……的前面;在……的前部4rN本库

  注意4rN本库

  in front of和 before均是“在……之前”的意思,但表示场所时要用in front of而不用before。4rN本库

  (○)in front of the room (×)before the room4rN本库

  There is a tree in front of the house.4rN本库

  在房屋前面有一棵树。4rN本库

  There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.4rN本库

  在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。4rN本库

  2)behind:在……后面4rN本库

  behind是in front of的反义词。4rN本库

  There is a tree behind the house.4rN本库

  房子后面有一棵树。4rN本库

  at the back of my house 在我家房屋的后面4rN本库

  注意4rN本库

  可以用 at the back of…=behind…4rN本库

  ()6 in,into,out of4rN本库

  1)in:在……之内,用于表示静止的位置4rN本库

  The students are in the classroom.4rN本库

  学生们在教室里。4rN本库

  注意4rN本库

  out of…与from的区别4rN本库

  表示“由内往外”的动作时’用out of;表示“从……起”(起点)时,使用from。4rN本库

  Tom went out of the room with Li Ming.4rN本库

  汤姆和李明走出房间。4rN本库

  The train is from Boston.这辆火车是从波士顿开来的。4rN本库

  2)into:进入4rN本库

  用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run ……4rN本库

  The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。4rN本库

  He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。4rN本库

  3)out of:和into 一样,也表示有一定的运动方向4rN本库

  The students rushed out of the room.4rN本库

  学生们冲出房间。4rN本库

  (7 )along,across,through4rN本库

  1)along:沿着4rN本库

  I was walking along the river when it began to rain,4rN本库

  我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来了。4rN本库

  2)across:横过4rN本库

  I often swim across the river.4rN本库

  我常游泳横渡这条河。4rN本库

  3)through:贯穿,通过4rN本库

  The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。4rN本库

  (8 )to,for,from4rN本库

  1)to:到达……地点(目的地)4rN本库

  注意:4rN本库

  to与towards的区别4rN本库

  to:表示到达某地,(一般指目的地)4rN本库

  towards:指方向、朝向,而不是目的地。4rN本库

  He walked to wards the gate of the park.4rN本库

  他朝着公园大门走去。(大门不是目的地)。4rN本库

  He came to Japan in 1980. 他1980年来到日本。4rN本库

  Tom has gone to school. 汤姆已经去学校了。4rN本库

  2)for:表示目的地,“向……”4rN本库

  I'll leave for America next week.4rN本库

  下周我将动身去美国。4rN本库

  for表目的时,一般是和固定词搭配。4rN本库

  leave for 动身去……4rN本库

  start for 出发去……4rN本库

  3)from:从……地点起……4rN本库

  It's about ten minutes 'walk from here to the cinema.4rN本库

  从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。4rN本库

  How tar is it from our school to the hospital?4rN本库

  从我们学校到医院有多远?4rN本库

  IV其他介词4rN本库

  介词除了表示“时间”、“场所”以外,也表示“手段”、“材料”……等4rN本库

  (1 )表示手段和材料的介词用 with,in,by4rN本库

  1)with:和……在一起4rN本库

  比较4rN本库

  in和 with4rN本库

  用in,with表工具或方法时,在译成中文时区别不大,但在英语上的用法却不大相同。4rN本库

  a.用“with”时,后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。4rN本库

  with my ear用我的耳朵with a pencil用一支铅笔4rN本库

  b.用in时,后面加物质名词,不能加冠词。4rN本库

  in ink 用墨水 in pencil 用铅笔4rN本库

  Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗?4rN本库

  c.具有、带有4rN本库

  He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.4rN本库

  他是有着一双大眼睛的英俊男孩子。4rN本库

  d.用某工具或方法4rN本库

  Li Li cut her hand with a knife.4rN本库

  莉莉用刀把手弄破了。4rN本库

  I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。4rN本库

  He wrote the letter with a new pen.4rN本库

  他用一支新钢笔写这封信。4rN本库

  2)in:表示用什么材料(例如用墨水、铅笔)等,或用什么语言,或者表示衣着、声调特点时,不用with,而用in。4rN本库

  She wrote a letter in black ink.4rN本库

  她用黑色的墨水写信。4rN本库

  Don't write it in pencil but in ink.4rN本库

  别用铅笔写,用钢笔(水)写。4rN本库

  3)by:通过……方法、手段4rN本库

  He goes to school by bicycle.4rN本库

  他骑自行车上学。4rN本库

  《by +交通工具》的词组4rN本库

  by bicycle 骑自行车 by plane 坐飞机4rN本库

  by car 坐小汽车 (=by air)4rN本库

  by bus 坐公共汽车 by train 坐火车4rN本库

  by taxi 坐出租车 by ship 坐船4rN本库

  比较4rN本库

  搭乘交通工具4rN本库

  用by来表示搭乘交通工具方式、手段时,名词前不加冠词。4rN本库

  by train 坐火车4rN本库

  You can go there in my car.4rN本库

  你可以坐我的车去那儿。4rN本库

  用in表示时,后面要用冠词或代词。同样坐公共汽车可以说:4rN本库

  take the(a)bus4rN本库

  (2 )of,from4rN本库

  1)of:(属于)……的;表示……的数量或种类4rN本库

  This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。4rN本库

  Will you please give me a cup of tea?4rN本库

  请您给我一杯茶好吗?4rN本库

  2)from:来自(某地、某人);以……起始;(时间或地点)4rN本库

  I'm from Nanjing.我是南京人。4rN本库

  I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的来信。4rN本库

  比较:4rN本库

  make…of…与make…from…这两个词组都是“由…制成”的意思,它们的区别在于:如果制造出来的东西还看得出原料是什么,用“make…of…”;看不出原料是什么,用“make…from…”。4rN本库

  The box is made of wood.这箱子是木料做的。4rN本库

  The paper is made from rice straw.这纸是用稻草造的。4rN本库

  (3) without,like,as4rN本库

  1)without:没有,是with的反义词4rN本库

  Men can't live without air and water.4rN本库

  人类没有空气和水不能生存。4rN本库

  I can't read the book without using a dictionary.4rN本库

  不用字典,我看不了这本书。4rN本库

  Please give me a cup of coffee without milk.4rN本库

  请给我一杯不加奶的咖啡。4rN本库

  Please give me a cup of coffee with milk.4rN本库

  请给我一杯加奶的咖啡。4rN本库

  2)like:像……一样4rN本库

  Nancy is just like her mother.4rN本库

  南希和她的妈妈一样。4rN本库

  前句还可写成 Nancy looks like her mother.(南希和她妈妈长得一样)。用look时,强调外表。4rN本库

  (3)as:作为4rN本库

  He is famous as a scientist here.4rN本库

  他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。4rN本库

  (4 )against,about4rN本库

  1)against:反对;靠着4rN本库

  He is against the plan.(Li Ming)4rN本库

  他反对这个计划。(他反对李明)。4rN本库

  The teacher is standing against the blackboard.4rN本库

  老师正靠着黑板站着。4rN本库

  2)about:a.关于;各处;身旁4rN本库

  Tell me something about your life.4rN本库

  告诉我你的生活情况。4rN本库

  He looked about himself.4rN本库

  他向四处张望。4rN本库

  I have no money about(=with)me.4rN本库

  我身上没带钱。4rN本库

  b.询问某人某物的情况或提出建议4rN本库

  What about your sister?4rN本库

  你姐姐情况如何?4rN本库

  How about going to the park?4rN本库

  去公园怎么样?4rN本库

  注意4rN本库

  What about …?与How about…?的用法没有区别。4rN本库

  (5)for , to4rN本库

  for表示“为了。”4rN本库

  to 表示动作对象, “对, 向”, 如:4rN本库

  He would do anything for his motherland.4rN本库

  Did you mention this to my father? 你对我父亲提起过这件事吗?4rN本库

  for 表示“就某情况而说 ”, to 表示“对某对象而言”如:4rN本库

  It’s quite warm today for February.就二月的天气,今天够暖和的。4rN本库

  What he told you just now was not new to me。他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜。4rN本库

  for 表示“目的,用途”。与go, come 动词连用。4rN本库

  (6)except , besides4rN本库

  except 表示“从总体中排除一部分”, 与but 同义, besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分”4rN本库

  We all failed except him. 我们都失败了,但他没有。4rN本库

  He speaks German besides French 除法语外, 他还会讲英语。4rN本库

  V各种介词短语4rN本库

  (1)使用工具 with a pencil 交通工具 by bus4rN本库

  用某语言 in French4rN本库

  用电视(学英语) learn English on TV4rN本库

  付多少钱 for two dollars4rN本库

  (2)介词短语4rN本库

  介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思,应一一背诵。将介词短语分类如下:4rN本库

  1.动词+介词 (talk about~,look at~)4rN本库

  2.be动词+形容词+介词(be kind to~)4rN本库

  3.介词+名词 (at home,on foot,in time)4rN本库

  1)动词+介词4rN本库

  talk about(sth.):谈论某事4rN本库

  They are talking about their school.4rN本库

  他们正在谈论他们的学校。4rN本库

  2)talk to sb.(=talk with sb.):和某人谈论4rN本库

  Don't talk to your desk mate,Li Ming.4rN本库

  李明,不要和你的同桌说话。4rN本库

  3)look at:注视4rN本库

  She looked at the blackboard,but saw nothing.4rN本库

  4)listen to:倾听4rN本库

  I listened to him,but heard nothing.4rN本库

  我注意听他说话,但什么也听不见。4rN本库

  5)call on(sb.):拜访4rN本库

  He called on his uncle yesterday.4rN本库

  昨天他看望了他的叔叔。4rN本库

  6)arrive at(in):到达4rN本库

  We arrived at the station at noon.我们中午到达车站。4rN本库

  We arrived in Beijing last year.我们去年到(达)北京。4rN本库

  注意4rN本库

  arrive at(in)中的介词at用于比较小的地方。in用于比较大的地方。4rN本库

  口语中常用get to代替arrive at(in)。4rN本库

  I'll get to the factory at three.我将在三点钟到工厂。4rN本库

  7)take care of:照顾4rN本库

  The old men were taken good care of.4rN本库

  老人们受到了很好的照顾。4rN本库

  8)wait for:等待4rN本库

  I'll wait for you until eight o'clock.4rN本库

  我等你到八点钟。4rN本库

  9)look for:寻找4rN本库

  I looked for my watch every place but I didn't find it.4rN本库

  我到处找我的表,但是没找到。4rN本库

  其他重要的介词短语4rN本库

  speak to 和……说话 stay with 和某人呆在一起4rN本库

  think about 考虑有关…… write to 给某人写信4rN本库

  2 )be动词+形容词+介词4rN本库

  1.be kind to:对某人亲切4rN本库

  His step-mother was kind to him.4rN本库

  他的继母对他很好。4rN本库

  2.be good at:在……做得好;擅长于……4rN本库

  Are you good at speaking English?你英语说得好吗?4rN本库

  3.be late for:迟到4rN本库

  He is always late for school.他上学总是迟到。4rN本库

  4.be afraid of:害怕……The boy isn't afraid of big dogs.4rN本库

  5.be sorry for(sth.):为……抱歉4rN本库

  I'm sorry for being late.抱歉,我迟到了。4rN本库

  其他重要的介词短语4rN本库

  be absent from 缺席4rN本库

  be proud of 以……为自豪4rN本库

  be different from 和……不同4rN本库

  be famous for 因……而著名4rN本库

  be fond of…… 爱好,喜欢4rN本库

  be pleased with 乐于4rN本库

  3) 介词+名词4rN本库

  1.at:at home 在家 at school 在学校4rN本库

  at least 至少 at present 目前 at first 起初4rN本库

  at once 立刻 at last 最后(终于)4rN本库

  at night 夜晚4rN本库

  语词互换4rN本库

  be good at=can…well他游泳游得很好。4rN本库

  He is good at swimming.4rN本库

  He can swim well be full of=be filled with4rN本库

  箱子里都是(装满了)苹果。4rN本库

  The box is full of apples.4rN本库

  The box is filled with apples.4rN本库

  2.on:4rN本库

  on foot 步行 on one’s way 在去某地的路上4rN本库

  on the telephone 用电话 on time 准时4rN本库

  3.for:4rN本库

  for a while 一会儿 for example 例如for oneself 为了自己4rN本库

  for hours(days, years)有好几小时(天,年)4rN本库

  4.in:4rN本库

  in English 用英语 in those days在当时 in class 课上4rN本库

  in time 及时4rN本库

  5.by:4rN本库

  by the way 顺便说 by oneself 独自地4rN本库

  6.其他:after school 放学后 of course 当然4rN本库

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