中考指导:初中英语语法之介词

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  介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。下面来跟小编一起看看吧。aqT本库

  介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:aqT本库

  The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)aqT本库

  The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)aqT本库

  Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)aqT本库

  Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)aqT本库

  II表示时间的介词aqT本库

  表示“时间”的介词如下:aqT本库

  1.表示年、月、日、时刻等用at,in,onaqT本库

  2.表示时间的前后用 before, afteraqT本库

  3.表示期限等用by,until,tillaqT本库

  4.表示期间等用for,during,throughaqT本库

  5.表示时间的起点等用 from, sinceaqT本库

  6.表示时间的经过等用in,withinaqT本库

  (1) at,on,inaqT本库

  1)at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点aqT本库

  at noon正午时 at night在夜间 at present目前aqT本库

  at nine(o’clock)在九点钟aqT本库

  We usually have lunch at noon(at twelve)。aqT本库

  我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)。aqT本库

  (2)on:用于某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天时,一律用on)aqT本库

  注意 :aqT本库

  泛指一般的上午(下午)时用in,但特指某日的上午(下午)时用on。aqT本库

  in the morning在早上aqT本库

  on sun day morning在周日早上aqT本库

  on Monday在周一aqT本库

  on Tuesday morning在周二早上aqT本库

  on June 6在6月6日aqT本库

  on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日aqT本库

  on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚aqT本库

  on the night of July(the) firstaqT本库

  在七月一日的夜晚aqT本库

  We didn't listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoonaqT本库

  上周三下午我们没去听演讲。aqT本库

  (3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上午、下午、晚上。aqT本库

  注意:aqT本库

  在this,last,next,every等词前面不能再加介词。aqT本库

  this morning今天上午last Friday 上周五 next Sunday下周日aqT本库

  every Monday(week, spring…)aqT本库

  每周一(每星期,每个春季……)aqT本库

  in the week在这周 in May在五月 in spring在春季aqT本库

  in 1995在1995年 in September,1995在1995年9月aqT本库

  in the morning在上午 in the afternoon在下午aqT本库

  in the evening在晚上aqT本库

  People go skating in winter人们冬天去滑冰。aqT本库

  (2)before,afteraqT本库

  1)before:在…之前aqT本库

  Wash your hands before dinner.(before作介词)aqT本库

  吃饭前请洗手。aqT本库

  He will call me before he leaves here.(before作连词)aqT本库

  他离开这儿之前,他将给我打电话。aqT本库

  2)after:在……之后aqT本库

  注意:aqT本库

  before和after这两个词都是既可作介词,又可作连词。aqT本库

  Let's Sing some songs after school.(after作介饲)aqT本库

  放学后咱们唱歌吧!aqT本库

  Pleas close the door after you leave the room.(after作连词)aqT本库

  离开房间后请关门。aqT本库

  (3) by,until(till)aqT本库

  1)by:在……前(时间);截至(到)……aqT本库

  注意:aqT本库

  由until(till)形成的句子,句中的动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句。aqT本库

  How many English books had you read by the end of last year?aqT本库

  到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?aqT本库

  2)until(till):直到……为止(时间)aqT本库

  比较aqT本库

  by和until by seven o'clock截至(到)7点钟(一般和完成时连用)aqT本库

  until seven o'clock直到7点(7点以前)aqT本库

  We didn't begin to watch TV until(till) nine o'clock.(begin是点动词,所以用否定式)aqT本库

  一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。aqT本库

  I'll wait for him until he comes hereaqT本库

  我将在这儿一直等到他来。(wait是延续动词,用肯定式)aqT本库

  注意aqT本库

  until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词(见上例)而by不能作连词。aqT本库

  (4) for,during,throughaqT本库

  1)for:达……之久(表示经过了多少时间)aqT本库

  常用的短语aqT本库

  for a year 一年 for a few days几天 for twenty weeks 二十周aqT本库

  during the lesson 上课期间aqT本库

  during the war (the night)战争期间,夜间 (一整夜)aqT本库

  可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。aqT本库

  He has lived here for 20 years.aqT本库

  他在这儿已经住了二十年了。aqT本库

  We will stay in the city for two days.aqT本库

  我们要在那里呆两天。aqT本库

  2)during: 在…期间aqT本库

  They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.aqT本库

  暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。aqT本库

  比较:aqT本库

  for和 duringaqT本库

  for之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。aqT本库

  3 )through:一直……(从开始到结束)aqT本库

  They played the cards through the night.aqT本库

  他们打了一整夜的牌。aqT本库

  (5) from,sinceaqT本库

  1)from:从……起(时间)aqT本库

  表示从……开始时,一般都是用词组from…to…,而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。aqT本库

  The meeting will be held from eight to ten.aqT本库

  这个会议将从8点开到10点。aqT本库

  The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。aqT本库

  比较:aqT本库

  since和from since表示时间时,一般只用于完成时的句子;而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。aqT本库

  另外since还可以作连词(见下例);而from则不可以,它只能作介词。aqT本库

  2)since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)aqT本库

  I have been sick since yesterday.aqT本库

  我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)aqT本库

  The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词)aqT本库

  这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。aqT本库

  (6 )in,withinaqT本库

  1)in:过……后(未来时间)aqT本库

  注意:aqT本库

  如果用于过去时,用after +时间。aqT本库

  She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.aqT本库

  去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。aqT本库

  大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。aqT本库

  in an hour 一小时之后aqT本库

  in a week or so 一个多星期之后aqT本库

  He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。aqT本库

  They said they would arrive here in a week.aqT本库

  他们说他们一周后到达。aqT本库

  2)within:不超过……的范围aqT本库

  比较:aqT本库

  within和in with in强调在……时间之内,没有时态的限制。aqT本库

  in是以现在为基准,in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般只用于将来时。aqT本库

  within 3 hours 3小时之内aqT本库

  I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.aqT本库

  我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。aqT本库

  They worked hard. They finished the workaqT本库

  within 2 days at last.aqT本库

  他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。aqT本库

  III 表示场所、方向的介词aqT本库

  1.表示场所的介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between.aqT本库

  2.表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through.aqT本库

  (1 )at,inaqT本库

  1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)aqT本库

  at school 上学 at home 在家aqT本库

  at 2 Baker Street 在贝克街2号aqT本库

  at a factory 在一家工厂aqT本库

  I'll meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。aqT本库

  2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)aqT本库

  in Beijing 在北京 in China 在中国aqT本库

  in the world 在世界上 in the street 在街上aqT本库

  (2) on,under,over,above,belowaqT本库

  1)on:a.在……上面,有接触面aqT本库

  a. )on the desk 在桌子上面aqT本库

  There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。aqT本库

  b.)在……靠近……的地方aqT本库

  on the right 在右边aqT本库

  2)above:在……上方aqT本库

  Our plane flew above the clouds.aqT本库

  我们的飞机在云端上飞行。aqT本库

  3)over在……正上方,是under的反义词aqT本库

  There is a light over Li Ming.aqT本库

  李明的正上方有一盏灯。aqT本库

  A few birds were flying over the sea.aqT本库

  有几只鸟在海上飞。aqT本库

  注意:aqT本库

  over的其他意思aqT本库

  a.遍及 all over the world 全世界aqT本库

  b.超过(=more than)We have over(=more than)40 books.aqT本库

  我们有四十多本书。aqT本库

  c.越过,在那边aqT本库

  over there在那边 over the wall越过墙aqT本库

  比较aqT本库

  over与above的区别aqT本库

  over是“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不定在“正上方”。aqT本库

  4)under:在……下面;在……之内aqT本库

  under the table 桌子下面 under the jacket 在夹克内aqT本库

  The dog is under the table. 这只狗在桌子下面。aqT本库

  5)below:在……下方(不一定是正下方)aqT本库

  正下方是under,below是above的反义词。aqT本库

  There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.aqT本库

  水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。aqT本库

  (3)near,byaqT本库

  1)near:近的,不远的aqT本库

  near =not far是far的反义词。aqT本库

  near还可以指时间。in the near future在不久的将来。aqT本库

  Is there a bus stop near here?aqT本库

  这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?aqT本库

  2)by:在……旁边距离比near要近aqT本库

  注意:在……旁边,有时也用 beside。aqT本库

  by the window 在窗户旁边aqT本库

  by me 我旁边 The boy is standing by the window.aqT本库

  (4) between,among,aroundaqT本库

  1)between:在两者之间aqT本库

  My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.aqT本库

  我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。aqT本库

  What's the difference between A and B?aqT本库

  A和B之间有什么区别?aqT本库

  2)among:在三者或更多的之中aqT本库

  There is a beautiful house among the trees.aqT本库

  在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。aqT本库

  He is very popular among the students.aqT本库

  他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。aqT本库

  3)around:环绕,在……周围,在……四周aqT本库

  We sat around the table.aqT本库

  我们在桌子四周坐下来。aqT本库

  They walked around the street.aqT本库

  他们在街上到处走。aqT本库

  (5) in front of,behindaqT本库

  1)in front of:在……的前面;在……的前部aqT本库

  注意aqT本库

  in front of和 before均是“在……之前”的意思,但表示场所时要用in front of而不用before。aqT本库

  (○)in front of the room (×)before the roomaqT本库

  There is a tree in front of the house.aqT本库

  在房屋前面有一棵树。aqT本库

  There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.aqT本库

  在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。aqT本库

  2)behind:在……后面aqT本库

  behind是in front of的反义词。aqT本库

  There is a tree behind the house.aqT本库

  房子后面有一棵树。aqT本库

  at the back of my house 在我家房屋的后面aqT本库

  注意aqT本库

  可以用 at the back of…=behind…aqT本库

  ()6 in,into,out ofaqT本库

  1)in:在……之内,用于表示静止的位置aqT本库

  The students are in the classroom.aqT本库

  学生们在教室里。aqT本库

  注意aqT本库

  out of…与from的区别aqT本库

  表示“由内往外”的动作时’用out of;表示“从……起”(起点)时,使用from。aqT本库

  Tom went out of the room with Li Ming.aqT本库

  汤姆和李明走出房间。aqT本库

  The train is from Boston.这辆火车是从波士顿开来的。aqT本库

  2)into:进入aqT本库

  用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run ……aqT本库

  The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。aqT本库

  He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。aqT本库

  3)out of:和into 一样,也表示有一定的运动方向aqT本库

  The students rushed out of the room.aqT本库

  学生们冲出房间。aqT本库

  (7 )along,across,throughaqT本库

  1)along:沿着aqT本库

  I was walking along the river when it began to rain,aqT本库

  我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来了。aqT本库

  2)across:横过aqT本库

  I often swim across the river.aqT本库

  我常游泳横渡这条河。aqT本库

  3)through:贯穿,通过aqT本库

  The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。aqT本库

  (8 )to,for,fromaqT本库

  1)to:到达……地点(目的地)aqT本库

  注意:aqT本库

  to与towards的区别aqT本库

  to:表示到达某地,(一般指目的地)aqT本库

  towards:指方向、朝向,而不是目的地。aqT本库

  He walked to wards the gate of the park.aqT本库

  他朝着公园大门走去。(大门不是目的地)。aqT本库

  He came to Japan in 1980. 他1980年来到日本。aqT本库

  Tom has gone to school. 汤姆已经去学校了。aqT本库

  2)for:表示目的地,“向……”aqT本库

  I'll leave for America next week.aqT本库

  下周我将动身去美国。aqT本库

  for表目的时,一般是和固定词搭配。aqT本库

  leave for 动身去……aqT本库

  start for 出发去……aqT本库

  3)from:从……地点起……aqT本库

  It's about ten minutes 'walk from here to the cinema.aqT本库

  从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。aqT本库

  How tar is it from our school to the hospital?aqT本库

  从我们学校到医院有多远?aqT本库

  IV其他介词aqT本库

  介词除了表示“时间”、“场所”以外,也表示“手段”、“材料”……等aqT本库

  (1 )表示手段和材料的介词用 with,in,byaqT本库

  1)with:和……在一起aqT本库

  比较aqT本库

  in和 withaqT本库

  用in,with表工具或方法时,在译成中文时区别不大,但在英语上的用法却不大相同。aqT本库

  a.用“with”时,后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。aqT本库

  with my ear用我的耳朵with a pencil用一支铅笔aqT本库

  b.用in时,后面加物质名词,不能加冠词。aqT本库

  in ink 用墨水 in pencil 用铅笔aqT本库

  Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗?aqT本库

  c.具有、带有aqT本库

  He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.aqT本库

  他是有着一双大眼睛的英俊男孩子。aqT本库

  d.用某工具或方法aqT本库

  Li Li cut her hand with a knife.aqT本库

  莉莉用刀把手弄破了。aqT本库

  I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。aqT本库

  He wrote the letter with a new pen.aqT本库

  他用一支新钢笔写这封信。aqT本库

  2)in:表示用什么材料(例如用墨水、铅笔)等,或用什么语言,或者表示衣着、声调特点时,不用with,而用in。aqT本库

  She wrote a letter in black ink.aqT本库

  她用黑色的墨水写信。aqT本库

  Don't write it in pencil but in ink.aqT本库

  别用铅笔写,用钢笔(水)写。aqT本库

  3)by:通过……方法、手段aqT本库

  He goes to school by bicycle.aqT本库

  他骑自行车上学。aqT本库

  《by +交通工具》的词组aqT本库

  by bicycle 骑自行车 by plane 坐飞机aqT本库

  by car 坐小汽车 (=by air)aqT本库

  by bus 坐公共汽车 by train 坐火车aqT本库

  by taxi 坐出租车 by ship 坐船aqT本库

  比较aqT本库

  搭乘交通工具aqT本库

  用by来表示搭乘交通工具方式、手段时,名词前不加冠词。aqT本库

  by train 坐火车aqT本库

  You can go there in my car.aqT本库

  你可以坐我的车去那儿。aqT本库

  用in表示时,后面要用冠词或代词。同样坐公共汽车可以说:aqT本库

  take the(a)busaqT本库

  (2 )of,fromaqT本库

  1)of:(属于)……的;表示……的数量或种类aqT本库

  This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。aqT本库

  Will you please give me a cup of tea?aqT本库

  请您给我一杯茶好吗?aqT本库

  2)from:来自(某地、某人);以……起始;(时间或地点)aqT本库

  I'm from Nanjing.我是南京人。aqT本库

  I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的来信。aqT本库

  比较:aqT本库

  make…of…与make…from…这两个词组都是“由…制成”的意思,它们的区别在于:如果制造出来的东西还看得出原料是什么,用“make…of…”;看不出原料是什么,用“make…from…”。aqT本库

  The box is made of wood.这箱子是木料做的。aqT本库

  The paper is made from rice straw.这纸是用稻草造的。aqT本库

  (3) without,like,asaqT本库

  1)without:没有,是with的反义词aqT本库

  Men can't live without air and water.aqT本库

  人类没有空气和水不能生存。aqT本库

  I can't read the book without using a dictionary.aqT本库

  不用字典,我看不了这本书。aqT本库

  Please give me a cup of coffee without milk.aqT本库

  请给我一杯不加奶的咖啡。aqT本库

  Please give me a cup of coffee with milk.aqT本库

  请给我一杯加奶的咖啡。aqT本库

  2)like:像……一样aqT本库

  Nancy is just like her mother.aqT本库

  南希和她的妈妈一样。aqT本库

  前句还可写成 Nancy looks like her mother.(南希和她妈妈长得一样)。用look时,强调外表。aqT本库

  (3)as:作为aqT本库

  He is famous as a scientist here.aqT本库

  他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。aqT本库

  (4 )against,aboutaqT本库

  1)against:反对;靠着aqT本库

  He is against the plan.(Li Ming)aqT本库

  他反对这个计划。(他反对李明)。aqT本库

  The teacher is standing against the blackboard.aqT本库

  老师正靠着黑板站着。aqT本库

  2)about:a.关于;各处;身旁aqT本库

  Tell me something about your life.aqT本库

  告诉我你的生活情况。aqT本库

  He looked about himself.aqT本库

  他向四处张望。aqT本库

  I have no money about(=with)me.aqT本库

  我身上没带钱。aqT本库

  b.询问某人某物的情况或提出建议aqT本库

  What about your sister?aqT本库

  你姐姐情况如何?aqT本库

  How about going to the park?aqT本库

  去公园怎么样?aqT本库

  注意aqT本库

  What about …?与How about…?的用法没有区别。aqT本库

  (5)for , toaqT本库

  for表示“为了。”aqT本库

  to 表示动作对象, “对, 向”, 如:aqT本库

  He would do anything for his motherland.aqT本库

  Did you mention this to my father? 你对我父亲提起过这件事吗?aqT本库

  for 表示“就某情况而说 ”, to 表示“对某对象而言”如:aqT本库

  It’s quite warm today for February.就二月的天气,今天够暖和的。aqT本库

  What he told you just now was not new to me。他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜。aqT本库

  for 表示“目的,用途”。与go, come 动词连用。aqT本库

  (6)except , besidesaqT本库

  except 表示“从总体中排除一部分”, 与but 同义, besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分”aqT本库

  We all failed except him. 我们都失败了,但他没有。aqT本库

  He speaks German besides French 除法语外, 他还会讲英语。aqT本库

  V各种介词短语aqT本库

  (1)使用工具 with a pencil 交通工具 by busaqT本库

  用某语言 in FrenchaqT本库

  用电视(学英语) learn English on TVaqT本库

  付多少钱 for two dollarsaqT本库

  (2)介词短语aqT本库

  介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思,应一一背诵。将介词短语分类如下:aqT本库

  1.动词+介词 (talk about~,look at~)aqT本库

  2.be动词+形容词+介词(be kind to~)aqT本库

  3.介词+名词 (at home,on foot,in time)aqT本库

  1)动词+介词aqT本库

  talk about(sth.):谈论某事aqT本库

  They are talking about their school.aqT本库

  他们正在谈论他们的学校。aqT本库

  2)talk to sb.(=talk with sb.):和某人谈论aqT本库

  Don't talk to your desk mate,Li Ming.aqT本库

  李明,不要和你的同桌说话。aqT本库

  3)look at:注视aqT本库

  She looked at the blackboard,but saw nothing.aqT本库

  4)listen to:倾听aqT本库

  I listened to him,but heard nothing.aqT本库

  我注意听他说话,但什么也听不见。aqT本库

  5)call on(sb.):拜访aqT本库

  He called on his uncle yesterday.aqT本库

  昨天他看望了他的叔叔。aqT本库

  6)arrive at(in):到达aqT本库

  We arrived at the station at noon.我们中午到达车站。aqT本库

  We arrived in Beijing last year.我们去年到(达)北京。aqT本库

  注意aqT本库

  arrive at(in)中的介词at用于比较小的地方。in用于比较大的地方。aqT本库

  口语中常用get to代替arrive at(in)。aqT本库

  I'll get to the factory at three.我将在三点钟到工厂。aqT本库

  7)take care of:照顾aqT本库

  The old men were taken good care of.aqT本库

  老人们受到了很好的照顾。aqT本库

  8)wait for:等待aqT本库

  I'll wait for you until eight o'clock.aqT本库

  我等你到八点钟。aqT本库

  9)look for:寻找aqT本库

  I looked for my watch every place but I didn't find it.aqT本库

  我到处找我的表,但是没找到。aqT本库

  其他重要的介词短语aqT本库

  speak to 和……说话 stay with 和某人呆在一起aqT本库

  think about 考虑有关…… write to 给某人写信aqT本库

  2 )be动词+形容词+介词aqT本库

  1.be kind to:对某人亲切aqT本库

  His step-mother was kind to him.aqT本库

  他的继母对他很好。aqT本库

  2.be good at:在……做得好;擅长于……aqT本库

  Are you good at speaking English?你英语说得好吗?aqT本库

  3.be late for:迟到aqT本库

  He is always late for school.他上学总是迟到。aqT本库

  4.be afraid of:害怕……The boy isn't afraid of big dogs.aqT本库

  5.be sorry for(sth.):为……抱歉aqT本库

  I'm sorry for being late.抱歉,我迟到了。aqT本库

  其他重要的介词短语aqT本库

  be absent from 缺席aqT本库

  be proud of 以……为自豪aqT本库

  be different from 和……不同aqT本库

  be famous for 因……而著名aqT本库

  be fond of…… 爱好,喜欢aqT本库

  be pleased with 乐于aqT本库

  3) 介词+名词aqT本库

  1.at:at home 在家 at school 在学校aqT本库

  at least 至少 at present 目前 at first 起初aqT本库

  at once 立刻 at last 最后(终于)aqT本库

  at night 夜晚aqT本库

  语词互换aqT本库

  be good at=can…well他游泳游得很好。aqT本库

  He is good at swimming.aqT本库

  He can swim well be full of=be filled withaqT本库

  箱子里都是(装满了)苹果。aqT本库

  The box is full of apples.aqT本库

  The box is filled with apples.aqT本库

  2.on:aqT本库

  on foot 步行 on one’s way 在去某地的路上aqT本库

  on the telephone 用电话 on time 准时aqT本库

  3.for:aqT本库

  for a while 一会儿 for example 例如for oneself 为了自己aqT本库

  for hours(days, years)有好几小时(天,年)aqT本库

  4.in:aqT本库

  in English 用英语 in those days在当时 in class 课上aqT本库

  in time 及时aqT本库

  5.by:aqT本库

  by the way 顺便说 by oneself 独自地aqT本库

  6.其他:after school 放学后 of course 当然aqT本库

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